00:01: [beeping] 00:05: >> YOU HOLD THE ENTIRE HISTORY 00:06: OF THE UNIVERSE... 00:08: [beeping] 00:09: IN THE PALM OF YOUR HAND. 00:12: EVERY TIME YOU MAKE A CELL PHONE 00:13: CALL, YOU'RE CONNECTING TO THE 00:16: BIG BANG, THE FIRST HUMANS, AND 00:21: EVEN THE SINKING OF THE TITANIC, 00:24: EVENTS THAT SPAN BILLIONS OF 00:26: YEARS, LINKED BY BIG HISTORY. 00:33: WE THINK OF HISTORY AS A 00:34: TIMELINE, A SERIES OF EVENTS 00:37: STRETCHING A FEW THOUSAND YEARS 00:39: INTO THE PAST. 00:40: IT'S TIME TO THINK BIGGER. 00:43: INSTEAD OF A LINE, IMAGINE A WEB 00:45: OF INFINITE CONNECTIONS 00:47: INTERACTING OVER BILLIONS OF 00:49: YEARS, LINKED TOGETHER TO CREATE 00:51: EVERYTHING WE'VE EVER KNOWN: 00:54: OUR UNIVERSE, OUR PLANET, AND 00:57: US. 00:58: HISTORY AS WE KNOW IT IS ABOUT 01:00: TO GET BIG. 01:06: BY THE YEAR 2014, THERE WILL BE 01:08: MORE CELL PHONES ON EARTH THAN 01:10: PEOPLE. 01:12: TODAY, 6 BILLION PHONES LINK US 01:15: TOGETHER INTO A SINGLE PULSING 01:18: NETWORK OF HUMANITY. 01:21: TRADITIONAL HISTORY TELLS US 01:23: THAT CENTURIES OF INNOVATION 01:25: LEAD TO THE CELL PHONE, AN 01:27: ICONIC TECHNOLOGY OF THE DIGITAL 01:29: AGE. 01:33: BUT TO BIG HISTORY, THE PHONE IS 01:35: A TOOL THAT AMPLIFIES THE THINGS 01:38: THAT MAKE US HUMAN: 01:40: LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION, MEMORY. 01:48: IT'S A TIME MACHINE THAT DECODES 01:50: THE SECRETS OF HOW THE MIND 01:53: WORKS. 02:01: THE FIRST PHONE NUMBERS ARE EASY 02:03: TO REMEMBER, RANGING FROM A FEW 02:06: DIGITS TO SIX OR SEVEN DIGITS 02:08: LONG. 02:09: BUT AS THE NUMBER OF PHONES 02:11: GROWS, SO DOES THE PHONE NUMBER, 02:14: TO AS MANY AS TEN DIGITS, AND 02:17: THAT POSES A SURPRISING 02:18: CHALLENGE TO THE HUMAN MIND. 02:23: >> HUMAN BEINGS DEFINITELY HAVE 02:24: A LIMIT ON THEIR SHORT-TERM 02:26: MEMORY. 02:27: BEYOND ABOUT FIVE OR SEVEN 02:29: THINGS, WE JUST CAN'T REMEMBER 02:31: IT THAT WELL. 02:33: THINGS REALLY FALL APART. 02:36: >> WHY DOES OUR MEMORY HAVE THIS 02:38: LIMIT? 02:39: BIG HISTORY CONNECTS US TO A 02:42: TIME WHEN OUR BRAINS ARE 02:43: FIGURING OUT WHAT AND HOW TO 02:46: REMEMBER. 02:59: WE ARE NOW IN PREHISTORIC 03:00: AFRICA... 03:06: WHERE THE BRAIN OF THESE EARLY 03:07: HUMANS IS NOW FULL-SIZE, WITH 03:10: MEMORY POWER EQUAL TO OUR OWN. 03:18: THEY DON'T NEED TO REMEMBER 03:19: PHONE NUMBERS. 03:22: BUT THEY DO NEED TO MEMORIZE 03:24: DIRECTIONS TO THE BEST HUNTING 03:27: GROUNDS. 03:29: A LIST OF INFORMATION, RECALLED 03:33: IN A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE. 03:40: 200 MILLENNIA LATER, OUR WORKING 03:42: MEMORY HASN'T CHANGED MUCH 03:45: BECAUSE THE BRAIN STILL WORKS IN 03:47: THE SAME WAY. 03:49: IT ENCODES EACH ITEM ON A LIST 03:53: OR EACH DIGIT IN A PHONE NUMBER 03:55: IN A DIFFERENT CLUSTER OF BRAIN 03:57: CELLS. 03:58: AS WE RECALL EACH DIGIT, OUR 04:01: BRAIN FIRES UP THAT CLUSTER. 04:04: BUT IT ALSO HAS TO SUPPRESS ALL 04:06: THE OTHERS, OR THE NUMBER WILL 04:08: BE SCRAMBLED IN OUR MINDS. 04:11: SO WHEN WE WANT TO REMEMBER A 04:13: THREE-DIGIT NUMBER IN THE RIGHT 04:14: ORDER, WE CALL UP ONE CLUSTER OF 04:17: CELLS FOR EACH DIGIT AND 04:19: SUPPRESS THE OTHER TWO. 04:22: FOR A NUMBER WITH TEN DIGITS, 04:25: WE NEED TO SUPPRESS NINE 04:27: MEMORY CLUSTERS AT A TIME. 04:30: >> WHEN YOU HAVE TO REMEMBER 04:31: THINGS IN ORDER, EACH THING YOU 04:34: ADD TO THE LIST REALLY TAXES 04:36: YOUR BRAIN A LOT. 04:39: IT GETS EXPONENTIALLY HARDER TO 04:41: REMEMBER THINGS AT EVERY STEP. 04:45: >> IT TAKES 50 TIMES MORE 04:48: BRAINPOWER TO REMEMBER TEN ITEMS 04:50: IN ORDER THAN IT DOES TO 04:52: REMEMBER THREE. 04:56: TAKE A LOOK AT THIS SEQUENCE OF 04:57: TEN NUMBERS. 05:00: CAN YOU REMEMBER THEM IN ORDER 05:03: WHEN WE TAKE THEM AWAY? 05:06: MOST PEOPLE WON'T REMEMBER MORE 05:08: THAN FIVE OR SIX DIGITS. 05:11: >> IF WE LOOK AT THIS FROM A BIG 05:12: HISTORY POINT OF VIEW, OUR 05:15: HUNTING-AND-GATHERING ANCESTORS 05:18: COULD PROBABLY KEEP TRACK OF SO 05:20: MANY ISSUES--SAY, THE LOCATIONS 05:23: OF SO MANY DIFFERENT RESOURCES. 05:26: IN TODAY'S WORLD, WE SIMPLY 05:28: REPLACED THAT SAME SUITE OF 05:30: KNOWLEDGE WITH, SAY, BASIC PHONE 05:33: NUMBER INFORMATION. 05:35: >> SO IF OUR BRAIN EVOLVES TO 05:37: MEMORIZE FIVE OR SIX THINGS, HOW 05:40: DO WE GET IT TO REMEMBER TEN? 05:44: TURN TEN BITS OF INFORMATION 05:47: INTO THREE. 05:49: IT'S CALLED CHUNKING, AND IT'S 05:51: THE REASON YOUR PHONE NUMBER 05:53: LOOKS THE WAY IT DOES TODAY. 05:55: >> IT'S THREE, THEN THREE, THEN 05:57: FOUR. 05:58: THAT'S A VERY SIMPLE SELECTION 06:00: OF INSTRUCTIONS, JUST PUT OUT IN 06:02: NUMERICAL ORDER. 06:04: IT'S THE SAME WAY AS HAVING A 06:05: HUNTER-GATHERER MIND-SET OF 06:07: "CROSS RIVER, CLIMB UP HILL, 06:10: OVERLOOK HUNTING PATH." 06:12: IT'S VERY SIMPLE. 06:16: >> SO THE WAY WE REMEMBER PHONE 06:18: NUMBERS LINKS US TO OUR 06:20: PREHISTORIC PAST. 06:22: [beeping] 06:23: THE WAY WE DIAL THEM REVEALS 06:25: ANOTHER UNIQUE ASPECT OF OUR 06:27: EVOLUTION. 06:29: [beeping] 06:30: BIG HISTORY CONNECTS BACK TO A 06:33: NEW AGE OF TECHNOLOGY. 06:46: IT'S THE LATE 1950s IN AMERICA, 06:50: AND THE COUNTRY'S TOP TECHNOLOGY 06:52: FACILITY, AT&T'S BELL 06:55: LABORATORIES, IS LOOKING TO 06:57: UPDATE THE DIAL OF THIS, THE 07:00: ROTARY TELEPHONE, WITH BUTTONS 07:04: YOU CAN PRESS. 07:08: BUT WHAT'S THE BEST LAYOUT FOR 07:10: THE DIAL PAD? 07:12: ENGINEERS LOOK TO A NEW FIELD OF 07:14: SCIENCE CALLED "HUMAN FACTORS 07:17: ENGINEERING." 07:20: IT'S BASED ON A SIMPLE IDEA, 07:23: THAT EVOLUTION REFINES HOW THE 07:25: DIFFERENT PARTS OF OUR BODIES 07:27: WORK: OUR MEMORY, OUR HANDS, OUR 07:30: EYES. 07:33: SO OUR MOST EFFICIENT TOOLS ARE 07:35: DESIGNED WITH THAT IN MIND. 07:39: >> HUMAN EVOLUTION TAKES 07:41: MILLIONS OF YEARS. 07:42: I MEAN, JUST, WHY FIGHT IT? 07:44: WHY DON'T WE JUST HAVE A MACHINE 07:45: THAT CONFORMS TO IT? 07:49: >> THE ENGINEERS TEST DOZENS OF 07:51: DIFFERENT OPTIONS, LOOKING FOR A 07:54: LAYOUT THAT LETS HUMANS DIAL 07:56: WITH THE MOST SPEED AND 07:57: ACCURACY. 08:00: >> THERE'S HORSESHOES. 08:01: THERE'S CIRCLES. 08:03: THERE'S CROSSES. 08:04: THE NUMBERS ARE ARRANGED FROM 08:06: BOTTOM TO TOP, TOP TO BOTTOM. 08:08: THEY'RE ARRANGED LEFT TO RIGHT, 08:09: RIGHT TO LEFT. 08:11: THEY'RE TRYING OUT EVERY 08:12: DIFFERENT LAYOUT THEY CAN. 08:16: >> ONE PATTERN PROVES TO BE VERY 08:18: INTUITIVE TO HUMAN HANDS AND 08:20: MINDS. 08:23: IT BECOMES THE STANDARD DIAL PAD 08:25: ON PHONES AROUND THE WORLD... 08:30: KEYS THAT DIAL MORE THAN 08:32: 200 BILLION PHONE CALLS EVERY 08:34: DAY... 08:37: A VAST WEB OF WORLDWIDE 08:39: CONNECTIONS THAT ARE MADE 08:41: POSSIBLE... 08:44: BECAUSE OF A TITANIC DISASTER. 09:02: >> BIG HISTORY CONNECTS EVENTS 09:04: ACROSS BILLIONS OF YEARS TO GIVE 09:06: US A NEW PERSPECTIVE. 09:09: IT REVEALS THAT THE TOOLS WE 09:11: BUILD REFLECT HOW OUR BRAINS 09:13: DECODE THE WORLD AROUND US... 09:19: AND THAT AN EVERYDAY GADGET LIKE 09:21: THE CELL PHONE PUTS THE POWER OF 09:23: THE BIG BANG... 09:27: IN OUR POCKETS. 09:29: BIG HISTORY CONNECTS BACK TO A 09:32: DISASTER UNFOLDING OFF THE COAST 09:34: OF ITALY. 09:44: THE MASSIVE, ALMOST 09:45: 1,000-FOOT-LONG CRUISE SHIP, 09:47: COSTA CONCORDIA, HAS STRUCK A 09:50: ROCK AND IS THREATENING TO 09:51: TOPPLE INTO THE SEA. 09:53: >> LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, YOUR 09:54: ATTENTION, PLEASE. 09:55: THE SITUATION IS UNDER CONTROL. 09:57: >> THE PASSENGERS HEAD FOR THE 09:59: LIFEBOATS... 10:02: PASSENGERS LIKE LYNN KAELIN. 10:05: [indistinct chatter] 10:07: >> [speaking Italian] 10:12: >> FEARING FOR HER LIFE, LYNN 10:14: WANTS TO REACH OUT TO HER 10:15: HUSBAND 5,000 MILES AWAY IN 10:18: SEATTLE TO SAY GOOD-BYE. 10:22: TO DO THIS, HER VOICE WILL HAVE 10:24: TO RIDE A WAVE THAT LINKS HER 10:26: BACK TO THE BIRTH OF THE 10:28: UNIVERSE... 10:31: AND TO ANOTHER SHIPWRECK 10:33: 100 YEARS EARLIER. 10:42: HUMAN VOCAL CORDS PRODUCE SOUND 10:44: BY DISTURBING THE MOLECULES IN 10:45: THE AIR AROUND THEM. 10:47: >> ICEBERG STRAIGHT AHEAD! 10:53: >> THE MOLECULES BEGIN TO 10:54: VIBRATE IN A DISTINCT PATTERN 10:56: KNOWN AS A SOUND WAVE. 11:00: >> ENGINE, FULL STOP! 11:02: >> THE FARTHEST A HUMAN VOICE 11:04: CAN TRAVEL IS ABOUT 600 FEET 11:07: BEFORE THE SOUND WAVE RUNS OUT 11:09: OF ENERGY. 11:11: IF WE WANT TO COMMUNICATE OVER 11:13: LONGER DISTANCES, OUR VOICES 11:16: HAVE TO HITCH A RIDE ON ANOTHER 11:18: TYPE OF WAVE THAT RELIES ON A 11:21: FORCE ALMOST AS OLD AS THE 11:23: UNIVERSE. 11:26: BIG HISTORY BRINGS IN 11:27: ASTROPHYSICS TO CONNECT US BACK 11:30: TO THE BEGINNING OF TIME. 11:47: THE BIG BANG, THE BIRTH OF ALL 11:51: THE MATTER AND ENERGY THAT WILL 11:53: EVER EXIST IN THE UNIVERSE AND 11:55: THE FORCES THAT GOVERN HOW IT 11:57: ALL WORKS. 12:01: >> THE FORCES OF NATURE WE KNOW 12:02: NOW BEGAN TO DISTINGUISH 12:04: THEMSELVES AND SEPARATE OUT. 12:05: ONE OF THE FORCES THAT RESULTED 12:07: FROM THAT PROCESS IS 12:10: ELECTROMAGNETISM. 12:16: >> ELECTROMAGNETISM GIVES SOUND 12:18: A WAY TO TRAVEL THAT'S MORE 12:20: POWERFUL THAN AIR MOLECULES 12:21: BUMPING INTO EACH OTHER: 12:24: RADIO WAVES. 12:26: THESE WAVES ARE TRANSMITTED BY 12:28: THE VIBRATION OF ELECTRIC AND 12:30: MAGNETIC FIELDS. 12:32: AND UNLIKE THE SIMPLE SOUND 12:33: WAVE, RADIO WAVES CAN TRAVEL 12:36: VAST DISTANCES. 12:39: NASA'S VOYAGER 1 SPACECRAFT CAN 12:42: SEND RADIO TRANSMISSIONS TO 12:43: EARTH FROM THE VERY EDGE OF THE 12:45: SOLAR SYSTEM, 12 BILLION MILES 12:48: AWAY. 12:51: SO A CELL PHONE EXTENDS THE 12:53: REACH OF THE SOUND WAVES OUR 12:55: VOICES MAKE BY CONVERTING THEM 12:57: INTO RADIO WAVES AND 12:59: TRANSMITTING THEM THROUGH THE 13:00: ATMOSPHERE. 13:05: BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM WITH RADIO 13:06: WAVES. 13:09: IF TOO MANY PEOPLE WANT TO USE 13:11: THEM AT THE SAME TIME, MESSAGES 13:13: GET CROSSED. 13:19: ON BOARD THE SINKING 13:20: COSTA CONCORDIA, ALTHOUGH 13:23: THOUSANDS OF CALLS ARE BEING 13:24: MADE AT THE SAME TIME, 13:26: JUST ABOUT EVERYONE'S CALL GETS 13:29: THROUGH. 13:30: HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE? 13:33: BIG HISTORY REVEALS IT'S BECAUSE 13:35: OF ANOTHER DISASTER THAT HAPPENS 13:37: A HUNDRED YEARS EARLIER. 13:56: [metal scraping] 13:58: [bell rings, alarm buzzes] 13:59: >> SOMEBODY! 14:03: >> THE TITANIC IS SINKING. 14:05: [all shouting] 14:09: LUCKILY, THERE'S A WIRELESS 14:11: RADIO ON BOARD. 14:14: [beeping] 14:14: THE OPERATOR TAPS OUT URGENT 14:16: SOS MESSAGES THAT TRAVEL ON 14:20: RADIO WAVES TO THE EAST COAST OF 14:22: NORTH AMERICA. 14:25: AMATEUR RADIO OPERATORS PICK UP 14:27: THE MESSAGES AND QUICKLY CROWD 14:29: THE AIRWAVES TO SPREAD THE 14:31: SHOCKING NEWS. 14:33: BUT BECAUSE RADIO WAVES ARE 14:35: UNREGULATED, THERE ARE NO RULES 14:37: TO GOVERN WHO CAN USE WHICH 14:39: FREQUENCY. 14:42: IT BECOMES A FREE-FOR-ALL. 14:45: >> EVERYBODY'S JAMMING EVERYBODY 14:47: ELSE. 14:48: THE WIRELESS SIGNALS ARE FLYING 14:49: EVERYWHERE, AND YOU CAN'T MAKE 14:50: HEAD NOR TAIL OF ANY OF THE 14:51: MESSAGES. 14:54: >> THE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS ARE 14:56: SO CHAOTIC THAT SOME NEWSPAPERS 14:59: REPORT EVERYONE IS RESCUED. 15:02: >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT THE 15:03: TITANIC DISASTER BROUGHT TO THE 15:05: FOREFRONT WAS THAT WIRELESS, AS 15:08: A TECHNOLOGY, WAS GROWING TOO 15:11: BIG. 15:12: IT WAS ANARCHY OUT THERE. 15:18: >> IN DIRECT RESPONSE TO THE 15:20: TITANIC DISASTER, CONGRESS 15:22: DIVIDES THE WIRELESS 15:23: COMMUNICATIONS SPECTRUM INTO 15:25: ORGANIZED LANES. 15:28: >> THIS ALLOWED FOR LANES OF 15:30: COMMUNICATION IN THE AIR THAT WE 15:33: USE TODAY. 15:37: >> THE REST OF THE WORLD FOLLOWS 15:38: SUIT, CLEARING THE WAY FOR RADIO 15:40: WAVES TO SOON DOMINATE THE WAY 15:42: WE COMMUNICATE. 15:48: BIG HISTORY HAS SHOWN HOW AN 15:50: ANCIENT FORCE... 15:55: COUPLED WITH A SHIPWRECK IN 15:57: 1912... 16:01: MAKES MODERN CELL PHONE CALLS 16:03: POSSIBLE... 16:08: AND ALLOWS THE SURVIVOR OF A 16:09: SHIPWRECK IN 2012 TO TALK TO 16:12: HER HUSBAND ON THE OTHER SIDE 16:14: OF THE GLOBE. 16:16: [phone ringing, buzzing] 16:19: [beep] 16:21: >> SHE SAID SHE WAS DANGLING OFF 16:23: THE SIDE OF THE SHIP THERE IN 16:25: THE LIFEBOAT. 16:27: SHE SAYS, "I'M GONNA DIE," AND I 16:30: SAYS, "NO, YOU'RE NOT. 16:32: NO." 16:34: >> TODAY, THERE ARE SO MANY CELL 16:36: PHONES ON EARTH THAT WE TAKE 16:38: THEM FOR GRANTED. 16:40: BUT CELL PHONES ONLY WORK 16:41: BECAUSE OF A RARE, ANCIENT 16:43: SECRET BURIED DEEP BENEATH THE 16:47: EARTH. 17:02: >> BIG HISTORY IS A NEW WAY OF 17:04: LOOKING AT THE WORLD. 17:07: IT REVEALS HOW THE CELL PHONE IS 17:09: A TIME MACHINE... 17:15: THAT REFLECTS HOW OUR BRAINS 17:16: EVOLVE... 17:21: AND CONNECTS US TO EVENTS 17:23: BILLIONS OF YEARS IN THE PAST. 17:30: YOU HOLD THE HISTORY OF THE 17:31: UNIVERSE AND THE POWER OF THE 17:34: PLANET IN YOUR POCKET. 17:44: EACH CELL PHONE IS LIKE A 17:46: GEOLOGICAL WORLD TOUR. 17:50: THE SILICON IN THE CENTRAL 17:52: PROCESSOR COMES FROM CHINA. 17:55: THE PLASTIC CIRCUIT BOARD IS 17:56: MADE OF CRUDE OIL FROM PLACES 17:58: LIKE SAUDI ARABIA. 18:02: THE COBALT IN THE RECHARGEABLE 18:03: BATTERY IS MINED IN THE CONGO. 18:07: THE COPPER USED FOR CIRCUITRY 18:09: IS FOUND IN CHILE. 18:13: RAW MATERIALS THAT REQUIRE 18:15: BILLIONS OF YEARS OF PROCESSING 18:18: BY THE EARTH AND SEAS. 18:22: >> THAT PHONE YOU ARE HOLDING IS 18:24: A PRODUCT OF NOT JUST HUMAN 18:27: TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION. 18:29: YOU ARE HOLDING THE BUILDING 18:31: BLOCKS OF THIS PLANET IN YOUR 18:33: HAND. 18:37: >> ONE OF THESE BUILDING BLOCKS 18:39: MEANS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 18:40: PHONES THAT LOOK LIKE THIS... 18:45: AND ONES THAT LOOK LIKE THIS-- 18:47: A POWERFUL METAL CALLED 18:50: TANTALUM. 18:57: >> TANTALUM IS THIS REMARKABLE 18:59: MATERIAL. 19:00: IT'S RARE, BUT IT'S CRUCIAL IN 19:03: SO MUCH OF THE TECHNOLOGY THAT 19:04: WE'RE USING TODAY. 19:06: IT ALLOWS US TO MAKE EXTREMELY 19:08: SMALL COMPONENTS THAT CAN HANDLE 19:11: LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY. 19:15: >> TANTALUM IS REALLY A KEY 19:17: COMPONENT OF MODERN CELL PHONES 19:19: BECAUSE IT HAS SOME VERY 19:21: ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES. 19:23: IT'S A VERY LIGHT METAL. 19:25: IT'S ALSO NONCORROSIVE, AND 19:26: IT'S HEAT-RESISTANT. 19:28: BUT MOST IMPORTANTLY, TANTALUM 19:30: HOLDS A CHARGE VERY, VERY WELL. 19:35: >> ALL CELL PHONES NEED AN 19:36: ENERGY RESERVE, A WAY TO STORE 19:39: POWER FROM THE BATTERY AND 19:40: RELEASE IT QUICKLY WHEN IT'S 19:42: NEEDED. 19:43: TO DO THIS, THE PHONE BUILDS UP 19:45: POSITIVE CHARGES HERE AND 19:48: NEGATIVE CHARGES HERE IN 19:50: TWO SEPARATE PIECES OF METAL. 19:53: COMBINE THE CHARGES, AND IT 19:55: RELEASES A JOLT OF ENERGY THAT 19:57: POWERS THE PHONE. 19:59: SO THE CHARGED METALS HAVE TO 20:01: STAY SEPARATE BUT CLOSE ENOUGH 20:03: THAT THEY CAN COMBINE THEIR 20:04: CHARGES AND CREATE A POWER 20:06: SURGE. 20:07: TANTALUM HAS A UNIQUE PROPERTY, 20:10: A TENDENCY TO FORM ITS OWN 20:12: MICROSCOPIC SKIN... 20:15: AN INVISIBLE BUILT-IN BARRIER 20:17: THAT KEEPS THE CHARGES APART 20:19: WITHOUT ADDING SIZE OR WEIGHT 20:21: TO THE PHONE. 20:23: >> YOU COULD MAKE THOSE 20:24: CAPACITIES OUT OF ALUMINUM, BUT 20:26: THEY WOULD HAVE TO BE 20 TIMES 20:28: AS BIG. 20:28: SO GOOD LUCK FITTING THAT IN 20:30: YOUR POCKET. 20:32: >> THAT'S WHY TANTALUM IS NOW 20:33: MORE VALUABLE THAN SILVER AND 20:36: WHY EACH OF US CARRIES JUST A 20:37: LITTLE BIT OF IT IN OUR POCKETS. 20:46: EACH TIME YOU MAKE A CALL, 20:48: YOU'RE PRESSING THE BUTTONS ON 20:50: A TIME MACHINE... 20:52: THAT LINKS US BACK ACROSS THE 20:54: AGES TO THE BIRTH OF THE 20:57: UNIVERSE, THE DEVELOPMENT OF 21:00: OUR MINDS, AND THE BUILDING 21:03: BLOCKS OF OUR PLANET. 21:07: A SINGLE HUMAN VOICE... 21:09: HITCHING A RIDE ON THE WAVES OF 21:13: BIG HISTORY. 21:19: BUT THE STORY OF CELL PHONES IS 21:21: JUST THE BEGINNING. 21:23: THERE'S A MUCH BIGGER PUZZLE 21:24: HIDDEN IN BIG HISTORY. 21:26: EACH EPISODE UNLOCKS A CLUE. 21:28: EVERYDAY THINGS LIKE BEEF... 21:32: SILVER... 21:34: AND CODES HOLD THE KEY. 21:38: WATCH THEM ALL, AND YOU'LL SEE 21:40: THIS GRAND MYSTERY REVEALED-- 21:42: THE BIG HISTORY OF TIME, OF

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