Contents

Document 1

Since foreigners are outside the sphere of civilization, there is no need for them to have any contact with our people other than business transactions... The following rules... are both simple and practical enough to be adopted...

Foreigners should never be allowed to stay at Canton during the winter... Even if foreigners have to stay through the winter on account of business, they move from Canton to Macao after their ships have sailed for home. Lately many foreign traders... entrust their ships and cargoes to the care of other merchants who proceed home, while they themselves stay on in Canton...

Canton, being the capital of a province, is too important a place to allow foreigners to stay there on a permanent basis, since permanent residence will enable them to spy on our activities. From now on, when a foreign trader arrives at Canton... merchants should sell all of his goods as quickly as possible, pay him immediately... so that he can return home in the ship that he came in...

While in Canton, foreigners should be ordered to reside in Co-hong headquarters so that their conduct can be carefully observed and strictly regulated.

… these foreigners often become drunk and commit breaches of the peace...

Among the foreigners the British are the most violent and are prone to create incidents...

Document 2

I have warned you again and again not to dally in those villages…but you continue to saunter, ignoring the fact that soldiers are running short of food. They are receiving their pay, but the money will not last forever. Then they will all depart, leaving us to pay with our lives, because you must have learned by this time that they came only for reasons of self-interest, and to get all they can out of us. They are already beginning to desert…

Thus we will lose all the people that I have gotten together for the descent on Cuzco, and the forces at Cuzco will unite with the soldiers from Lima, who have been on the march for many days.

… I gave you plenty of warnings to march immediately on Cuzco, but you took them all lightly, giving the Spaniards time to prepare as they have done, placing cannon on Picchu Mountain, and devising other measures so dangerous that you are no longer in a position to attack them…

Document 3

… We have raised all of [warriors and chiefs] on the land which we now have, which God gave us to inhabit and raise provisions. We know that our country [had] once been extensive, but by repeated sales has become circumscribed to a small tract, and [we] never thought it our duty to interfere in the disposition of it till now… Your mothers, your sisters ask and beg of you not to part with any more of our lands. We say ours; you are descendants and [should] take pity on our request, [and] keep it for our growing children, for it was the good will of our creator to place [us] here… Only keep your hands off of paper talks, for it is our own country, for if it was not they would not ask you to put your hands to paper, for it would be impossible to remove us all, for as soon as one child is raised, we have others in our arms…

Therefore, children: don’t part with any more of our lands, but continue on it and enlarge your farms and cultivate and raise corn and cotton, and we your mothers and sisters will make clothing for you, which our father the president has recommended to us all…

[Nancy Ward to her children]: Warriors to take pity and listen to the talks of your sisters, although I am very old, yet cannot but pity the situation in which you will hear of their minds. I have great many grandchildren which I wish they to do well on our land.

Document 4

...
The Muslim community accepted his call everywhere,
Those of the east and west, because of his high standing.
...
He said men should take up their bows and quivers
As well as swords...
...
The Shehu, by all including his relatives
Everyone resolved to support him
...
The Shehu fought five battles
At Gudu, all victories...
...
Many of the reciters of the Qur’an were killed,
And also the students among his community.
...
Then Shehu travelled towards Zamfara,
They made peace with him...
The places that resisted the jihad were all destroyed...
...
The people of the East all arose with firm intention
Of helping the religious fight...
...
The Shehu divided responsibility (for the territories): to the west to his brother;
The eastern part to Bello his son...
...
The community selected Bello, his son to succeed him.
...
Revolts became numerous even Abdulsalam
At Kware, rebelled, together with his people.
...
He was just and fair:
He brought order through the exhortation.
...
He built cities and fought battles,
So too he built mosques in his city.
...
Bello was ill for seven months
There in Wurno he died, in Rajab,on a Thursday

Document 5

*This article was written by an authorized personal representative of Emilio Aguinaldo. For diplomatic reasons he considers it unwise to attach his signature. – EDITOR N. A. R.

We Filipinos have all along believed that if the American nation at large knew exactly, as we do, what is daily happening in the Philippine Islands, they would rise en masse, and demand that this barbaric war should stop. There are other methods of securing sovereignty… the true and lasting sovereignty that has its foundation in the hearts of the people.

Now, the moral of all this obviously is: Give us the chance; treat us exactly as you demanded to be treated at the hands of England, when you rebelled against her autocratic methods… Now, here is an unique spectacle: the Filipinos fighting for liberty, the American people fighting them to give them liberty…

You will never conquer the Philippine Islands by force alone. How many soldiers in excess of the regular army do you mean to leave in every town, in every province? How many will the climate claim as its victims, apart from those who may fall in actual warfare? What do the American people, who have thousands of acres yet untilled, want with the Philippines? Have you figured up the cost?

Document 6

All along our lines the Insurgents kept up a harassing fire and instituted a system of guerilla warfare that was very annoying to the Americans who were anxious to advance our lines... Their organization was faulty, and under fire their troops became demoralized. They seldom attacked in the open, but confined themselves to guerilla methods; and while surrender was not in their code, they chose to right, run away, and live to fight another…

… The Insurgents were particularly active to the north and kept up a harassing fire at our outpost at the railroad line... Aguinaldo made numerous attempts to cut off the railroad, and attack trains between Manila and Malalos. The Insurgents pursued guerilla tactics with a vengeance, and many casualties resulted on both sides…

… [one of the leaders of the insurgents] “We are compelled to maintain the honor of our country... our real campaign has not yet commenced... With the guerilla system... and the pouring rains... it is certain that our arms will prosper... recapturing from the hands of the enemy the lands we have been forced to evacuate.”

Document 7