Unit 3 Vocab Guide
UNIT 3 VOCABULARYWORLD HISTORY PROJECT 12001Key Unit VocabularyThis report provides a summary of key vocabulary for this unit. For each word, you will find the definition, part of speech, word forms (plurals/tenses), synonyms, and examples of how the word, or forms of the word, are used in a sentence.administrative• of or pertaining to administration or managementPart of speech:adjectiveWord forms:administration, administrativelySynonyms:managerial, bureaucraticIn a sentence:Whether or not to hire more workers is an administrative decision.aristocracy• a high-ranking social class, having special privileges and influencePart of speech:nounWord forms:aristocraciesSynonyms:nobility, eliteIn a sentence:She was born into the aristocracy and was expected to marry someone of her own class.biological• of or pertaining to the growth, development, and functioning of living thingsPart of speech:adjectiveWord forms:biologic, biologicallySynonyms:In a sentence:Many studies have explored the biological differences between males and females.bureaucrat• an official in a government office, especially one who follows rules and routines rather than personal judgmentPart of speech:nounWord forms:bureaucrats, bureaucraticSynonyms:official, politician, civil servantIn a sentence:The government bureaucrat hosted a public forum to hear from citizen's about how the new healthcare law could affect them.
UNIT 3 VOCABULARYWORLD HISTORY PROJECT 12002capital• money or other wealth owned or used by a businessPart of speech:nounWord forms:capitalism, capitalistSynonyms:finances, funds, working capitalIn a sentence:We will be expanding our business as soon as we get enough capital.capitalism• an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and prices are chiefly determined by open competition in a free marketPart of speech:nounWord forms:capitalist, capitalSynonyms:free enterprise, free marketIn a sentence:The individual's right to pursue material wealth with little interference from government is considered one of the defining principles of capitalism.cash crop• a crop grown for sale to others rather than for personal usePart of speech:nounWord forms:cash cropsSynonyms:In a sentence:During the 1800s, tobacco was one of the biggest cash crops in the United States.chattel slavery• the ownership of a person as property or chattelPart of speech:nounWord forms:Synonyms:bondageIn a sentence:The horrific system of chattel slavery endorsed the buying and selling of people as property.colonization• the act or process of forming colonies (territories governed by a distant country, often occupied by a number of citizens of that country)Part of speech:nounWord forms:colonizer, colonize, colonySynonyms:In a sentence:The earliest explorations and attempts at colonization of Florida by Europeans were made by the Spanish.
UNIT 3 VOCABULARYWORLD HISTORY PROJECT 12003commodity• a raw material that can be bought and soldPart of speech:nounWord forms:commodify, commoditiesSynonyms:goodsIn a sentence:Commodities like sugar and cacao were carried across the Atlantic Ocean to European cities.confederation• a group of nations or peoples joined together in an alliance or leaguePart of speech:nounWord forms:confederate, confederacy, confederatedSynonyms:alliance, coalitionIn a sentence:The tribes formed a confederation to defend themselves against the invaders.demographic• of or relating to the study of human populations, involving statistical analysis of size, distribution, density, migration, fertility, and the likePart of speech:adjectiveWord forms:demographics, demographically, demographySynonyms:In a sentence:Demographic information helps advertisers decide the best locations to launch their ad campaigns.economic• of or pertaining to the production and distribution of goods, wealth, and servicesPart of speech:adjectiveWord forms:economy, economiesSynonyms:fiscal, commercialIn a sentence:Women's economic position improved during World War II, as they took over jobs previously held by men.enslave• to cause to be a slave or to be in a condition of bondage Part of speech:verbWord forms:enslavement, enslavedSynonyms:subjugateIn a sentence:The first Spanish adventurers in the Americas sought to enslave indigenous peoples in order to satisfy their desire for silver and gold.
UNIT 3 VOCABULARYWORLD HISTORY PROJECT 12004exchange• the act or result of giving or receiving one thing for anotherPart of speech:nounWord forms:exchanges, exchangeable, exchangerSynonyms:bargain, interchange, trade, transactionIn a sentence:The exchange of rings is a part of some wedding ceremonies.exploitation• the selfish or unfair using of someone or something for one’s own advantagePart of speech:nounWord forms:exploit, exploiting, exploitedSynonyms:abuse, taking advantageIn a sentence:The exploitation of slaves kept labor costs down for plantations in early America.famine• an extreme and widespread shortage of foodPart of speech:nounWord forms:faminesSynonyms:starvation, scarcityIn a sentence:People were starving due to the famine caused by severe flooding in the region.finance• the management of money or other assetsPart of speech:nounWord forms:finances, financialSynonyms:banking, businessIn a sentence:The treasury is that part of a government that is concerned primarily with finance.free market• an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businessesPart of speech:nounWord forms:Synonyms:capitalism, laissez-faireIn a sentence:Much of the world today operates within a free-market economy.
UNIT 3 VOCABULARYWORLD HISTORY PROJECT 12005hajj• the pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is expected to make at least once during Dhul al-HijjahPart of speech:nounWord forms:Synonyms:pilgrimageIn a sentence:One of the Five Pillars of Islam is the hajj, or the journey to Mecca.indentured servant• a person who is bound to work without pay in the service of another for a specified length of time, especially in exchange for the cost of travel, food, and lodgingPart of speech:nounWord forms:indentured servitudeSynonyms:In a sentence:She originally came to the colonies as an indentured servant, but ran away before the end of her contract.indigenous• having origin in a country or locality; nativePart of speech:adjectiveWord forms:indigenitySynonyms:aboriginal, endemic, nativeIn a sentence:The turkey is indigenous to North and Central America.invest• to spend with the intention of gaining some benefitPart of speech:verbWord forms:invests, invested, investing, reinvestSynonyms:devoteIn a sentence:I've invested ten years of my life building this business.labor• the entire body of workers, especially as distinguished from managementPart of speech:nounWord forms:labors, laborerSynonyms:work forceIn a sentence:The suggested compromise wasn't satisfactory to either labor or management.
UNIT 3 VOCABULARYWORLD HISTORY PROJECT 12006mercantilism• the doctrine, developed in the West after the decline of feudalism, that a nation’s economy could be strengthened by governmental protection of home industries, by increased foreign exports, and by accumulating gold and silver Part of speech:nounWord forms:mercantilistSynonyms:In a sentence:England developed many colonies under the economic policy of mercantilism in order to increase its trading territory.migration• the act or process of migrating (to move from one region to another)Part of speech:nounWord forms:migratory, migrate, migrant, migrantsSynonyms:journey, movementIn a sentence:Thousands of workers migrate to this area each year to harvest the crops.missionary• a person desiring to convert others to a principle or set of beliefsPart of speech:nounWord forms:missionaries, missionSynonyms:apostle, converter, evangelist, propagandist, proselytizerIn a sentence:Various missionary societies have established schools tied to a particular faith.monopoly• complete control over a service or commodity within a given market, so that competition is eliminatedPart of speech:nounWord forms:monopolies, monopolisticSynonyms:In a sentence:At the time, one telephone company had a monopoly over phone services in the entire region.plantation• a large estate used for cultivating commercial crops such as rubber, tea, cotton, sugar, or coffeePart of speech:nounWord forms:plantationsSynonyms:estate, homesteadIn a sentence:Haiti was once the most profitable island in the Caribbean with many sugar plantations.
UNIT 3 VOCABULARYWORLD HISTORY PROJECT 12007plantation system• a capitalist economic system dependent on enslaved labor Part of speech:nounWord forms:Synonyms:In a sentence:The plantation system in America forced the enslaved to endure harsh conditions.sovereign• having the power of self-government, as a state or countryPart of speech:adjectiveWord forms:sovereigntySynonyms:autonomous, independentIn a sentence:South Africa is a sovereign nation.subjugate• to win mastery (control) over, as by military conquestPart of speech:verbWord forms:subjugates, subjugated, subjugatingSynonyms:subdue, vanquish, conquerIn a sentence:The Mongols subjugated the lands of Central Asia and Eastern Europe to create the largest land empire in history.tribute• payment given by a subordinate person or power to a dominant one, or an obligation to do soPart of speech:nounWord forms:tributarySynonyms:taxIn a sentence:The Korean king paid an annual tribute to the Ming emperor of China.