DBQ Sources: Industrialization in the Long Nineteenth Century
WORLD HISTORY PROJECTORIGINS / LESSON7.7ACTIVITYDBQ SOURCES: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURYUnless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Credit: “DBQ Sources:Industrialization in the Long Nineteenth Century”, OER Project, https://www.oerproject.com/1PurposeUse a variety of primary and secondary sources to deepen your understanding of the impacts of industrialization in the long nineteenth century.ProcessAnalyze the following sources. If you are using these sources to respond to an essay prompt, you should underlineor highlightany evidence that will support your claim. You can also use theQuick Sourcing Tool.Document 1The following is an excerpt from a book written by the British physician and health and education reformer Sir James Kay Shuttleworth.The township of Manchester chiefly consists of dense masses of houses, inhabited by the population engaged in the great manufactories of the cotton trade ... [it] is chiefly inhabited by shopkeepers and the laboring classes. Those districts where the poor dwell are of very recent origin. The rapid growth of the cotton manufacture has attracted hither operatives from every part of the kingdom, ... to supply the constantly increasing demand for labor. ...But the population nourished on this aliment [food] is crowded into one dense mass, in cottages separated by narrow, unpaved, and almost pestilential streets; in an atmosphere loaded with the smoke and exhalations of a large manufacturing city. ...Having been subjected to the prolonged labor of an animal—his physical energy wasted—his mind in supine inaction ... Domestic economy is neglected, domestic comforts are unknown. A meal of the coarsest food is prepared with heedless haste and devoured with equal precipitation. Home has no other relation to him than that of shelter ... His house is ill furnished, uncleanly, often ill ventilated, perhaps damp; his food, from want of forethought and domestic economy, is meagre and innutritious ...These artisans are frequently subject to a disease ... the patient loses flesh, his features are sharpened, the skin becomes pale, leaden colored, or the yellow hue which is observed in those who have suffered from the influence of
WORLD HISTORY PROJECTORIGINS / LESSON7.7ACTIVITYDBQ SOURCES: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY2tropical climates. ... We cannot wonder that the wretched victim of this disease, invited by those haunts of misery and crime the gin shop and the tavern, as he passes to his daily labor, should endeavor to cheat his suffering of a few moments, by the false excitement procured by ardent spirits [alcohol] ...Source:Kay, James Phillips. The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester.London: James Ridgway, 1832. Source has been edited for clarity and brevity.
WORLD HISTORY PROJECTORIGINS / LESSON7.7ACTIVITYDBQ SOURCES: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY3Document 2British journalist James Augustine St. John (1795–1875), traveled extensively through Egypt, often by foot, and recorded his observations.Muhammad Ali, in 1819, was led by the advice of Europeans to attempt the introduction of the manufacturing system ... At first, no persons were employed in the factories but black slaves from Darfur and Kordofan, who displayed great intelligence, and quicklyacquired a competent knowledge of the business; but so great a change of life, co-operating with the peculiar unhealthiness of the occupation, gradually thinned their ranks, so that the Pasha was shortly compelled to have recourse to the Fellahs [peasants] ... being pressed into the mills, they labor only because they are compelled. Though they generally arrive at the factories in good health, the insalubrious [unhealthy] nature of the employment, imprisonment, their scanty wages, the insufficiency of their food, and the odious vices which, by the example of their superiors, they quickly learn to commit, in a short time render them diseased and despicable. They seldom see their wives and children, nor are they allowed the requisite time for meals, ablutions [washes], or religious duties. Inattention or mismanagement is followed by immediate chastisement ... [overseers] flog the delinquents ... From two hundred to five hundred blows are not unusual; so that a cotton-spinner in Egypt is no less brutally punished than a West India negro; ... Such being their treatment, it is not at all surprising that the operatives eagerly avail themselves of the first opportunity which presents itself of making their escape; or, where this is impracticable, of revenging their wrongs in a more serious manner. ...Source:Landen, Robert G. “Economic Change: Muhammad Ali’s Development Schemes in Egypt and Syria, 1834 and 1837.” In The Modern Middle East: A Sourcebook for History, edited by Camron Michael Amin, Benjamin C. Fortna, and Elizabeth B. Frierson, 575–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
WORLD HISTORY PROJECTORIGINS / LESSON7.7ACTIVITYDBQ SOURCES: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY4Document 3This document was written by the leaders of the Paris Commune, a revolutionary government that controlled Paris for two months in 1871.The country is rising up en masse in a sublime effort. It has once again become conscious of itself, with the consciousness it had in [17]92 that this is a revolutionary struggle. ...REPUBLICANS OF THE WORLD, arise in the name of Liberty! In France, in Italy, in Spain, in Hungary, in Denmark, in Poland! And you, our German brothers, proletarians from the other side of the Rhine, will you wait for our victory and the Germanic disaster for the triumph of your freedoms?...Arise, all who labor! Fight and suffer for justice, for all who are oppressed! For the hour has come for the great combat that will pass judgment on peoples and kings. ......Let the Communes of Marseilles, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille, Dijon, Rouen, let all our republican cities send us their armed citizens. Revolutionary Paris will come out and meet them. Harassed, overpowered by numbers and despair, the enemy will cede before that unknown force: an entire people in arms to save its honor and to conquer its liberty.TO ARMS CITIZENS!TILL DEATH OR VICTORY!LONG LIVE THE UNIVERSAL REPUBLIC!Source:“The Paris Commune 1871: The Central Committee of the Twenty Arrondissements of Paris to All the Defenders of the Revolution.” Translated by Mitch Abidor. Edited by Mitch Abidor and Brian Baggins. Paris Commune History Archive, 2006. https://www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/ documents/defenders.htm.
WORLD HISTORY PROJECTORIGINS / LESSON7.7ACTIVITYDBQ SOURCES: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY5Document 4Source: Attention workingmen! Great mass meeting to-night, at 7:30 o’clock, at the Haymarket, Randolph St., bet. Desplaines and Halsted Achtung Arbeiter! Grosse Massen-Versammlung heute Abend, halb 8 Uhr, auf dem Heumarkt, Randolph-Strasse, zwischen D. Chicago, 1886. https://www.loc.gov/item/97165220/
WORLD HISTORY PROJECTORIGINS / LESSON7.7ACTIVITYDBQ SOURCES: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY6Document 5... as long asour policy is one of free trade, we are compelled to seek new markets; for old ones are being closed to us by hostile tariffs, and our great dependencies, which formerly were the consumers of our goods, are now becoming our commercial rivals. It is inherent in a great colonial and commercial empire like ours that we go forward or go backward. ... We owe to the instincts of colonial expansion of our ancestors those vast and noble dependencies which are our pride and the outlets of our trade to-day; and we areaccountable to posterity that opportunities which now present themselves of extending the sphere of our industrial enterprise are not neglected, for the opportunities now offered will never recur again. ...If some initial expense is incurred, is it not justified by the ultimate gain? I have already pointed out what other nations are doing in the way of railway extension. ...Independently of money spent on railways, the conquest of Algeria alone cost France £150,000,000, ... Belgium, besides her heavy expenses for the Congo railway, the capital of which she has advanced without interest, guarantees £80,000 per annum to the CongoState, and is altering her constitution in order to allow her to take over that State as a colonial possession. Germany has spent over a million sterling in East Africa, ... Even Portugal is content to support a yearly deficit on each of her African possessions, ... All these nations are content to incur this yearly cost in the present, confident that in the future these possessions will repay the outlay, and willing to be at a national expense to fulfill their treaty obligations under the Brussels Act.Source:Lugard, Frederick. The Rise of Our East African Empire: Early Efforts in Nyasaland and Uganda. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1893. Frederick Lugard (1858–1945) was a British soldier and colonial administrator. Below is a passage from his 1893 book.
WORLD HISTORY PROJECTORIGINS / LESSON7.7ACTIVITYDBQ SOURCES: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY7Document 6This passage is from a campaign speech given by American senator Albert Beveridge (1899–1911) on September 16, 1898.It is a noble land that God has given us; a land that can feed and clothe the world; a land whose coastlines would enclose half the countries of Europe; a land set like a sentinel between the two imperial oceans of the globe, a greater England with a nobler destiny.It is a mighty people that He has planted on this soil; a people sprung from the most masterful blood of history; a people perpetually revitalized by the virile, man producing working folk of all the earth ...Shall the American people continue their march toward the commercial supremacy of the world?Shall free institutions broaden their blessed reign as the children of liberty wax in strength, until the empire of our principles is established over the hearts of all mankind?Have we no mission to perform no duty to discharge to our fellow man? ...... shall we occupy new markets for what our farmers raise, our factories make, our merchants sell-aye, and please God, new markets for what our ships shall carry?Hawaii is ours; Porto Rico is to be ours; at the prayer of her people Cuba finally will be ours; in the islands of the East, even to the gates of Asia, coaling stations are to be ours at the very least; the flag of a liberal government is to float over thePhilippines, and may it be the banner that Taylor unfurled in Texas and Fremont carried to the coast.Source:Beveridge, Albert J. “March of the Flag.” Indiana, September 16, 1898. Voices of Democracy: The U.S. Oratory Project. Accessed January 29, 2022. https://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/beveridge-march-of-the-flag-speech-text/.
WORLD HISTORY PROJECTORIGINS / LESSON7.7ACTIVITYDBQ SOURCES: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY8Document 7This is an excerpt from the autobiography of Elías Gaviño Lafertte (1886–1961), a Chilean labor movement leader. He describes his work in the nitrate industry.I took my first job in the nitrate fields, and this was the position of ore-crusher ... I worked with another boy of my same age, shoveling the fragments of ore that were too large to fit into the sacks or that were too heavy to carry. We worked twelve hoursa day, in the full sun, reducing the large lumps of ore into smaller pieces. ...They paid a small part of the salary in cash and the rest in tokens, exchangeable only in the general store. ... The company’s strategy was that the workers would spend their money at the company stores and not outside the camps. ... I had to buy everything inthe general store with those infamous tokens, at high prices fixed by the company. ... the companies did not profit as much from the sale of nitrates as they did from the business from their company stores. ...... a strike had broken out. ... Here one worked by the job, for a piece rate, or for a fixed wage. The exchange rate had fallen [by half] and as a consequence many basic goods, principally clothing and food, increased in price, in some cases by double. ...The town was bubbling with energy, full of workers from different [companies]. I listened to all the speeches ... [they said] we could not continue living with the miserable wages; here was oppression, repression and exploitation; a large loaf of bread cost a peso, that is to say a fourth of what a worker earned in a day. ...Source:Lafertte, Elías. “Nitrate Workers and State Violence: The Massacre at Escuela Santa María de Iquique.” In The Chile Reader: History, Culture, Politics, edited by Elizabeth Q. Hutchison, Thomas Miller Klubock, Nara B. Milanich, and Peter Winn, translated by John White, 238–44. Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.