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USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War CCWH #39
USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War CCWH #39
We call it the Cold War, but it got pretty hot in many places. After they won the Second World War, the two superpowers decided to spend the next 45 years continuing to fight.
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Key Ideas
As this video progresses, key ideas will be introduced to invoke discussion.
Think about the following questions as you watch the video
- What evidence supports the claim that the Cold War was a “clash of civilizations”?
- Why did the Cold War start during World War II?
- What was the Marshall Plan?
- What is MAD?
- What are some examples of how Soviets and Americans fought indirectly?
: Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History,
: and today, we're going to talk about the Cold War,
: which actually lasted into my lifetime,
: which means that I can bore you with stories from my past
: like your grandpa does.
: When I was a kid, they made us practice
: hiding under our desks in the event
: of a nuclear attack, because, you know,
: school desks are super-good at repelling radiation.
: Mr. Green, Mr. Green! Right.
: Remember in elementary school, there was this special guest
: who'd defected from the Soviet Union, and he had...
: Like, this crazy Russian accent,
: and he kept going on about how Reagan
: should spit in Gorbachev's face
: instead of signing treaties with him?
: And I was, like, "Whoa, dude, calm down.
: You're in a room full of third-graders."
: And then for months afterward,
: on the playground, we'd play Reagan-Gorbachev
: and spit in each other's faces? Those were the days.
: Sometimes I forget that you're me, Me from the Past.
: Yeah, it's just really nice to talk to you
: and feel like you're lis...
: You're boring-- cue the intro.
: (music playing)
: So the Cold War was a rivalry between the USSR
: and the U.S.A. that played out globally.
: We've tried to shy away from calling conflicts
: ideological or civilizational here on Crash Course,
: but in this case, the "clash of civilizations"
: model really does apply.
: Socialism, at least as Marx constructed it,
: wanted to take over the world,
: and many Soviets saw themselves
: in a conflict with bourgeois capitalism itself.
: And the Soviets saw American rebuilding efforts
: in Europe and Japan as the U.S. trying to expand its markets,
: which, by the way, is exactly what we were doing.
: So the U.S. feared that the USSR
: wanted to destroy democratic and capitalist institutions,
: and the Soviets feared that the U.S. wanted
: to use its money and power to dominate Europe
: and eventually destroy the Soviet system.
: And both parties were right to be worried.
: It's not paranoia if they really are out to get you.
: Now, of course, we've seen a lot of geopolitical struggles
: between major world powers here on Crash Course,
: but this time there was
: the special added bonus that war could lead
: to the destruction of the human species.
: That was new for world history,
: and it's worth remembering: It's still new.
: Here's the period of time we've discussed on Crash Course.
: And this is how long we've had
: the technological capability to exterminate ourselves.
: So that's worrisome.
: Immediately after World War II,
: the Soviets created a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe,
: dominating the countries where the Red Army
: had pushed back the Nazis,
: which is why Winston Churchill famously said in 1946
: that an "Iron Curtain" had descended across Europe.
: While the dates of the Cold War are usually given
: between 1945 and 1990,
: a number of historians will tell you
: that it actually started during World War II.
: Stalin's distrust of the U.S. and Britain kept growing
: as they refused to invade Europe
: and open up a second front against the Nazis.
: And some even say that the decision to drop
: the first atomic bombs on Japan was motivated in part
: by a desire to intimidate the Soviets.
: That sort of worked, but only insofar as it motivated
: the Soviets to develop atomic bombs of their own.
: They successfully tested their first one in 1949.
: From the beginning, the U.S. had the advantage,
: because it had more money and power
: and could provide Europe protection--
: what with its army and one-of-a-kind nuclear arsenal--
: while Europe rebuilt.
: The USSR had to rebuild itself,
: and also they had the significant disadvantage
: of being controlled by noted asshat Joseph Stalin.
: I will remind you, it's not cursing
: if he's wearing an ass for a hat.
: Oh, I guess it's time for the Open Letter.
: (music playing)
: An open letter to Joseph Stalin.
: But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today.
: Oh, it's Silly Putty.
: Silly Putty: the thing that won the Cold War.
: This is exactly the kind of useless consumer good
: that would never have been produced in the Soviet Union.
: And it is because we had so much more consumer spending,
: on stuff like Silly Putty, that we won the Cold War.
: Go team!
: Dear Joseph Stalin, You really sucked.
: There was a great moment in your life,
: at your first wife's funeral, when you said,
: "I don't think I shall ever love again."
: And then later, you had that wife's whole family killed.
: Putting aside the fact that you're responsible
: for tens of millions of deaths, I don't like you
: because of the way you treated your son Yakov.
: I mean, you were really mean to him, and then he shot himself
: and he didn't die, and you said, "He can't even shoot straight."
: And then later, when he was captured during World War II,
: you had a chance to exchange prisoners for him,
: but you declined.
: And then he died in a prison camp.
: You were a terrible leader, a terrible person,
: and a terrible father.
: Best wishes, John Green.
: All right, let's go to the Thought Bubble.
: Europe was the first battleground of the Cold War,
: especially Germany, which was divided into two parts
: with the former capital, Berlin, also divided into two parts.
: And, yes, I know the western part
: was divided into smaller occupation zones,
: but I'm simplifying.
: In 1948, the Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin
: by closing the main road that led into the city,
: but the Berlin airlift stopped them.
: And then in 1961, the Soviets tried again,
: and this time, they were much more successful,
: building a wall around West Berlin,
: although it's worth noting
: that the thing was up for less than 30 years.
: I mean, Meat Loaf's career has lasted longer
: than the Berlin Wall did.
: The U.S. response to the Soviets
: was a policy called containment.
: It basically involved stopping the spread of communism
: by standing up to the Soviets
: wherever they seemed to want to expand.
: In Europe, this meant spending a lot of money.
: First, the Marshall Plan spent
: $13 billion on rebuilding Western Europe,
: with grants and credits that Europeans would spend
: on American consumer goods and on construction.
: Capitalism's cheap food and plentiful stuff, it was hoped,
: would stop the spread of communism.
: The U.S. also tried to slow the spread of communism
: by founding NATO and with C.I.A. interventions
: in elections where communists had a chance, as in Italy.
: But despite all the great spy novels
: and shaken-not-stirred martinis,
: the Cold War never did heat up in Europe.
: Probably the most important part of the Cold War
: that people just don't remember these days
: is the nuclear arms race.
: Both sides developed nuclear arsenals,
: the Soviets initially with the help of spies
: who stole American secrets.
: Eventually, the nuclear arsenals were so big
: that the U.S. and USSR agreed on a strategy
: appropriately called MAD,
: which stood for "mutually assured destruction."
: Thanks, Thought Bubble, and yes, nuclear weapons were,
: and are, capable of destroying humanity many times over.
: But only once or twice did we get close to nuclear war:
: during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
: and then again in 1983,
: when we forgot to give the Russians the heads up
: that we were doing some war games,
: which made it look like we had launched a first strike.
: Our bad!
: But even though mutually assured destruction
: prevented direct conflict,
: there was plenty of hot war in the Cold War.
: The Korean War saw lots of fighting
: between communists and capitalists,
: as did the Vietnam War.
: I mean, these days, we remember
: "the domino effect" as silly paranoia,
: but after Korea, and especially China, became communist,
: Vietnam's movement toward communism
: seemed very much a threat to Japan,
: which the U.S. had helped remake into a vibrant capitalist ally.
: So the U.S. got bogged down in one of its longest wars,
: while the Soviets assisted
: the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong.
: But then we paid them back by supporting
: the anti-communist mujahideen
: after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
: Of course, as we now know, nobody conquers Afghanistan.
: Unless you are the Mongols.
: (music playing)
: So after ten disastrous years,
: the Soviets finally abandoned Afghanistan.
: Some of those mujahideen later
: became members of the Taliban, though,
: so it's difficult to say that anyone won that war.
: But it wasn't just Asia: in Nicaragua, the U.S. supported
: rebels to overthrow the leftist government;
: in El Salvador, the U.S. bolstered authoritarian regimes
: that were threatened by left-wing guerrillas.
: The United States ended up supporting
: a lot of awful governments,
: like the one in Guatemala, which held onto power
: through the use of death squads.
: Frankly, all our attempts
: to stabilize governments in Latin America
: led to some very unstable Latin American governments,
: and quite a lot of violence.
: And then there were the lukewarm conflicts,
: like the Suez Canal Crisis
: where British and French paratroopers were sent in to try
: to stop Egypt from nationalizing the Suez Canal.
: Or all the American covert operations
: to keep various countries from "falling" to communism.
: These included the famous C.I.A.-engineered coup
: to overthrow Iran's democratically elected
: prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh
: after his government attempted to nationalize
: Iran's oil industry,
: and the C.I.A. helping Chile's General Augusto Pinochet
: overthrow democratically elected Marxist president
: Salvador Allende in 1973.
: And lest we think the Americans were the only bad guys in this,
: the Soviets used force to crush popular uprisings
: in Hungary in 1956
: and in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
: So, you may have noticed that our discussion of the Cold War
: has branched out from Europe to include Asia,
: and the Middle East, and Latin America.
: And in fact, almost every part of the globe
: was involved in some way,
: with the planet being divided into three "worlds."
: The First World was the U.S., Western Europe,
: and any place that embraced capitalism
: and a more or less democratic form of government.
: The Second World was the Soviet Union and its satellites,
: mostly the Warsaw Pact nations, China, and Cuba.
: The Third World was everyone else, and we don't use
: this term anymore because it lumps together
: a hugely diverse range of countries.
: We'll talk more about the specific economic
: and development challenges
: faced by the so-called Third World countries,
: but the big one in terms of the Cold War
: was that neither the U.S. nor the Soviets
: wanted any of these countries to remain neutral.
: Every nation was supposed to pick sides,
: either capitalist or communist,
: and while it seems like an easy choice now,
: in the '50s and '60s, it wasn't nearly so clear.
: I mean, for a little while, it seemed like the Soviets
: might come out ahead, at least in the Third World.
: For a while, capitalism,
: and especially the United States,
: seemed to lose some of its luster.
: The U.S. propped up dictatorships,
: had a poor civil rights record,
: we sucked at women's gymnastics.
: Plus, the Soviets were the first to put a satellite,
: a man, and a dog into space.
: Plus, Marxists just seemed cooler,
: which is why you never see Milton Friedman T-shirts.
: Until now, available at dftba.com.
: I like that, Stan, but I'm more of a centrist.
: Can I get a Keynes shirt?
: Yes, that-- now that's hot.
: But Soviet socialism did not finally prove
: to be a viable alternative to industrial capitalism.
: Over time, state-run economies just generally don't
: fare as well as private enterprise,
: and people like living in a world
: where they can have more stuff.
: More importantly, Soviet policies were just bad.
: Collectivized agriculture stymied production
: and led to famine; suppression of dissent
: and traditional cultures made people angry;
: and no one liked suffering the humiliation of driving a Yugo.
: But why the Cold War ended when it did
: is one of the most interesting questions of the 20th century.
: It probably wasn't Ronald Reagan bankrupting the Soviets,
: despite what some politicians believe.
: The USSR had more satellite states
: that it needed to spend more to prop up
: than the U.S. had to invest in its allies.
: And the Soviet system could never keep up
: with economic growth in the West.
: But probably the individual most responsible
: for the end of the Cold War
: was Mikhail Baryshnikov-- no?
: Mikhail Gorbachev? Well, that's boring.
: I always thought the Soviets
: danced their way to freedom. No?
: It was glasnost and perestroika? All right.
: Right, but Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost
: opened up the Soviet political and economic systems
: with contested local elections,
: less restricted civil society groups, less censorship,
: more autonomy for the Soviet republics,
: more non-state-run businesses,
: and more autonomy for state-run farms.
: Glasnost, or openness, led to more information from the West,
: and less censorship led to a flood of criticism
: as people realized how much poorer
: the Second World was than the First.
: And one by one, often quite suddenly,
: former communist states collapsed.
: In Germany, the Berlin Wall came down in 1989
: and East and West Germany were reunited in 1990.
: In Poland, the Gdansk dockworkers' union Solidarity
: turned into a mass political movement
: and won 99 of the 100 seats
: it was allowed to contest in the 1989 election.
: Hungary held multiparty elections in 1990.
: The same year, mass demonstrations
: led to elections in Czechoslovakia.
: In 1993, that country split up
: into Slovakia and the Czech Republic,
: the happiest and most mutually beneficial divorce
: since Cher left Sonny.
: Of course, sometimes, the transition away from communism
: was violent and painful.
: In Romania, for instance, the communist dictator Ceausescu
: held onto power until he was tried
: and put before a firing squad at the end of 1989.
: And it took until 1996
: for a non-communist government to take power there.
: And in Yugoslavia, well, not so great.
: And in Russia, it's a little bit Putiny.
: (yelps): Putin!
: But just 20 years later, it's hard to believe
: that the world was once dominated
: by two superpowers held in check
: by mutually assured destruction.
: What's really amazing to me, though,
: is that until the late 1980s,
: it felt like the Cold War was going to go on forever.
: Time seems to slow as it approaches us,
: and living in the post-Cold War nuclear age,
: we should remember that the past
: feels distant even when it's near,
: and that the future seems assured, even though it isn't.
: Thanks for watching, I'll see you next week.
: Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller.
: Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko.
: Our associate producer is Danica Johnson.
: The show is written by my high school history teacher
: Raoul Meyer and myself.
: And our graphics team is Thought Bubble.
: Last week's Phrase of the Week was Justin Bieber.
: Thanks for that suggestion-- if you'd like to suggest
: future Phrases of the Week, you can do so in comments,
: where you can also ask questions about today's video
: that will be answered by our team of historians.
: Thanks for watching Crash Course,
: and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.
: and today, we're going to talk about the Cold War,
: which actually lasted into my lifetime,
: which means that I can bore you with stories from my past
: like your grandpa does.
: When I was a kid, they made us practice
: hiding under our desks in the event
: of a nuclear attack, because, you know,
: school desks are super-good at repelling radiation.
: Mr. Green, Mr. Green! Right.
: Remember in elementary school, there was this special guest
: who'd defected from the Soviet Union, and he had...
: Like, this crazy Russian accent,
: and he kept going on about how Reagan
: should spit in Gorbachev's face
: instead of signing treaties with him?
: And I was, like, "Whoa, dude, calm down.
: You're in a room full of third-graders."
: And then for months afterward,
: on the playground, we'd play Reagan-Gorbachev
: and spit in each other's faces? Those were the days.
: Sometimes I forget that you're me, Me from the Past.
: Yeah, it's just really nice to talk to you
: and feel like you're lis...
: You're boring-- cue the intro.
: (music playing)
: So the Cold War was a rivalry between the USSR
: and the U.S.A. that played out globally.
: We've tried to shy away from calling conflicts
: ideological or civilizational here on Crash Course,
: but in this case, the "clash of civilizations"
: model really does apply.
: Socialism, at least as Marx constructed it,
: wanted to take over the world,
: and many Soviets saw themselves
: in a conflict with bourgeois capitalism itself.
: And the Soviets saw American rebuilding efforts
: in Europe and Japan as the U.S. trying to expand its markets,
: which, by the way, is exactly what we were doing.
: So the U.S. feared that the USSR
: wanted to destroy democratic and capitalist institutions,
: and the Soviets feared that the U.S. wanted
: to use its money and power to dominate Europe
: and eventually destroy the Soviet system.
: And both parties were right to be worried.
: It's not paranoia if they really are out to get you.
: Now, of course, we've seen a lot of geopolitical struggles
: between major world powers here on Crash Course,
: but this time there was
: the special added bonus that war could lead
: to the destruction of the human species.
: That was new for world history,
: and it's worth remembering: It's still new.
: Here's the period of time we've discussed on Crash Course.
: And this is how long we've had
: the technological capability to exterminate ourselves.
: So that's worrisome.
: Immediately after World War II,
: the Soviets created a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe,
: dominating the countries where the Red Army
: had pushed back the Nazis,
: which is why Winston Churchill famously said in 1946
: that an "Iron Curtain" had descended across Europe.
: While the dates of the Cold War are usually given
: between 1945 and 1990,
: a number of historians will tell you
: that it actually started during World War II.
: Stalin's distrust of the U.S. and Britain kept growing
: as they refused to invade Europe
: and open up a second front against the Nazis.
: And some even say that the decision to drop
: the first atomic bombs on Japan was motivated in part
: by a desire to intimidate the Soviets.
: That sort of worked, but only insofar as it motivated
: the Soviets to develop atomic bombs of their own.
: They successfully tested their first one in 1949.
: From the beginning, the U.S. had the advantage,
: because it had more money and power
: and could provide Europe protection--
: what with its army and one-of-a-kind nuclear arsenal--
: while Europe rebuilt.
: The USSR had to rebuild itself,
: and also they had the significant disadvantage
: of being controlled by noted asshat Joseph Stalin.
: I will remind you, it's not cursing
: if he's wearing an ass for a hat.
: Oh, I guess it's time for the Open Letter.
: (music playing)
: An open letter to Joseph Stalin.
: But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today.
: Oh, it's Silly Putty.
: Silly Putty: the thing that won the Cold War.
: This is exactly the kind of useless consumer good
: that would never have been produced in the Soviet Union.
: And it is because we had so much more consumer spending,
: on stuff like Silly Putty, that we won the Cold War.
: Go team!
: Dear Joseph Stalin, You really sucked.
: There was a great moment in your life,
: at your first wife's funeral, when you said,
: "I don't think I shall ever love again."
: And then later, you had that wife's whole family killed.
: Putting aside the fact that you're responsible
: for tens of millions of deaths, I don't like you
: because of the way you treated your son Yakov.
: I mean, you were really mean to him, and then he shot himself
: and he didn't die, and you said, "He can't even shoot straight."
: And then later, when he was captured during World War II,
: you had a chance to exchange prisoners for him,
: but you declined.
: And then he died in a prison camp.
: You were a terrible leader, a terrible person,
: and a terrible father.
: Best wishes, John Green.
: All right, let's go to the Thought Bubble.
: Europe was the first battleground of the Cold War,
: especially Germany, which was divided into two parts
: with the former capital, Berlin, also divided into two parts.
: And, yes, I know the western part
: was divided into smaller occupation zones,
: but I'm simplifying.
: In 1948, the Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin
: by closing the main road that led into the city,
: but the Berlin airlift stopped them.
: And then in 1961, the Soviets tried again,
: and this time, they were much more successful,
: building a wall around West Berlin,
: although it's worth noting
: that the thing was up for less than 30 years.
: I mean, Meat Loaf's career has lasted longer
: than the Berlin Wall did.
: The U.S. response to the Soviets
: was a policy called containment.
: It basically involved stopping the spread of communism
: by standing up to the Soviets
: wherever they seemed to want to expand.
: In Europe, this meant spending a lot of money.
: First, the Marshall Plan spent
: $13 billion on rebuilding Western Europe,
: with grants and credits that Europeans would spend
: on American consumer goods and on construction.
: Capitalism's cheap food and plentiful stuff, it was hoped,
: would stop the spread of communism.
: The U.S. also tried to slow the spread of communism
: by founding NATO and with C.I.A. interventions
: in elections where communists had a chance, as in Italy.
: But despite all the great spy novels
: and shaken-not-stirred martinis,
: the Cold War never did heat up in Europe.
: Probably the most important part of the Cold War
: that people just don't remember these days
: is the nuclear arms race.
: Both sides developed nuclear arsenals,
: the Soviets initially with the help of spies
: who stole American secrets.
: Eventually, the nuclear arsenals were so big
: that the U.S. and USSR agreed on a strategy
: appropriately called MAD,
: which stood for "mutually assured destruction."
: Thanks, Thought Bubble, and yes, nuclear weapons were,
: and are, capable of destroying humanity many times over.
: But only once or twice did we get close to nuclear war:
: during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
: and then again in 1983,
: when we forgot to give the Russians the heads up
: that we were doing some war games,
: which made it look like we had launched a first strike.
: Our bad!
: But even though mutually assured destruction
: prevented direct conflict,
: there was plenty of hot war in the Cold War.
: The Korean War saw lots of fighting
: between communists and capitalists,
: as did the Vietnam War.
: I mean, these days, we remember
: "the domino effect" as silly paranoia,
: but after Korea, and especially China, became communist,
: Vietnam's movement toward communism
: seemed very much a threat to Japan,
: which the U.S. had helped remake into a vibrant capitalist ally.
: So the U.S. got bogged down in one of its longest wars,
: while the Soviets assisted
: the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong.
: But then we paid them back by supporting
: the anti-communist mujahideen
: after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
: Of course, as we now know, nobody conquers Afghanistan.
: Unless you are the Mongols.
: (music playing)
: So after ten disastrous years,
: the Soviets finally abandoned Afghanistan.
: Some of those mujahideen later
: became members of the Taliban, though,
: so it's difficult to say that anyone won that war.
: But it wasn't just Asia: in Nicaragua, the U.S. supported
: rebels to overthrow the leftist government;
: in El Salvador, the U.S. bolstered authoritarian regimes
: that were threatened by left-wing guerrillas.
: The United States ended up supporting
: a lot of awful governments,
: like the one in Guatemala, which held onto power
: through the use of death squads.
: Frankly, all our attempts
: to stabilize governments in Latin America
: led to some very unstable Latin American governments,
: and quite a lot of violence.
: And then there were the lukewarm conflicts,
: like the Suez Canal Crisis
: where British and French paratroopers were sent in to try
: to stop Egypt from nationalizing the Suez Canal.
: Or all the American covert operations
: to keep various countries from "falling" to communism.
: These included the famous C.I.A.-engineered coup
: to overthrow Iran's democratically elected
: prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh
: after his government attempted to nationalize
: Iran's oil industry,
: and the C.I.A. helping Chile's General Augusto Pinochet
: overthrow democratically elected Marxist president
: Salvador Allende in 1973.
: And lest we think the Americans were the only bad guys in this,
: the Soviets used force to crush popular uprisings
: in Hungary in 1956
: and in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
: So, you may have noticed that our discussion of the Cold War
: has branched out from Europe to include Asia,
: and the Middle East, and Latin America.
: And in fact, almost every part of the globe
: was involved in some way,
: with the planet being divided into three "worlds."
: The First World was the U.S., Western Europe,
: and any place that embraced capitalism
: and a more or less democratic form of government.
: The Second World was the Soviet Union and its satellites,
: mostly the Warsaw Pact nations, China, and Cuba.
: The Third World was everyone else, and we don't use
: this term anymore because it lumps together
: a hugely diverse range of countries.
: We'll talk more about the specific economic
: and development challenges
: faced by the so-called Third World countries,
: but the big one in terms of the Cold War
: was that neither the U.S. nor the Soviets
: wanted any of these countries to remain neutral.
: Every nation was supposed to pick sides,
: either capitalist or communist,
: and while it seems like an easy choice now,
: in the '50s and '60s, it wasn't nearly so clear.
: I mean, for a little while, it seemed like the Soviets
: might come out ahead, at least in the Third World.
: For a while, capitalism,
: and especially the United States,
: seemed to lose some of its luster.
: The U.S. propped up dictatorships,
: had a poor civil rights record,
: we sucked at women's gymnastics.
: Plus, the Soviets were the first to put a satellite,
: a man, and a dog into space.
: Plus, Marxists just seemed cooler,
: which is why you never see Milton Friedman T-shirts.
: Until now, available at dftba.com.
: I like that, Stan, but I'm more of a centrist.
: Can I get a Keynes shirt?
: Yes, that-- now that's hot.
: But Soviet socialism did not finally prove
: to be a viable alternative to industrial capitalism.
: Over time, state-run economies just generally don't
: fare as well as private enterprise,
: and people like living in a world
: where they can have more stuff.
: More importantly, Soviet policies were just bad.
: Collectivized agriculture stymied production
: and led to famine; suppression of dissent
: and traditional cultures made people angry;
: and no one liked suffering the humiliation of driving a Yugo.
: But why the Cold War ended when it did
: is one of the most interesting questions of the 20th century.
: It probably wasn't Ronald Reagan bankrupting the Soviets,
: despite what some politicians believe.
: The USSR had more satellite states
: that it needed to spend more to prop up
: than the U.S. had to invest in its allies.
: And the Soviet system could never keep up
: with economic growth in the West.
: But probably the individual most responsible
: for the end of the Cold War
: was Mikhail Baryshnikov-- no?
: Mikhail Gorbachev? Well, that's boring.
: I always thought the Soviets
: danced their way to freedom. No?
: It was glasnost and perestroika? All right.
: Right, but Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost
: opened up the Soviet political and economic systems
: with contested local elections,
: less restricted civil society groups, less censorship,
: more autonomy for the Soviet republics,
: more non-state-run businesses,
: and more autonomy for state-run farms.
: Glasnost, or openness, led to more information from the West,
: and less censorship led to a flood of criticism
: as people realized how much poorer
: the Second World was than the First.
: And one by one, often quite suddenly,
: former communist states collapsed.
: In Germany, the Berlin Wall came down in 1989
: and East and West Germany were reunited in 1990.
: In Poland, the Gdansk dockworkers' union Solidarity
: turned into a mass political movement
: and won 99 of the 100 seats
: it was allowed to contest in the 1989 election.
: Hungary held multiparty elections in 1990.
: The same year, mass demonstrations
: led to elections in Czechoslovakia.
: In 1993, that country split up
: into Slovakia and the Czech Republic,
: the happiest and most mutually beneficial divorce
: since Cher left Sonny.
: Of course, sometimes, the transition away from communism
: was violent and painful.
: In Romania, for instance, the communist dictator Ceausescu
: held onto power until he was tried
: and put before a firing squad at the end of 1989.
: And it took until 1996
: for a non-communist government to take power there.
: And in Yugoslavia, well, not so great.
: And in Russia, it's a little bit Putiny.
: (yelps): Putin!
: But just 20 years later, it's hard to believe
: that the world was once dominated
: by two superpowers held in check
: by mutually assured destruction.
: What's really amazing to me, though,
: is that until the late 1980s,
: it felt like the Cold War was going to go on forever.
: Time seems to slow as it approaches us,
: and living in the post-Cold War nuclear age,
: we should remember that the past
: feels distant even when it's near,
: and that the future seems assured, even though it isn't.
: Thanks for watching, I'll see you next week.
: Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller.
: Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko.
: Our associate producer is Danica Johnson.
: The show is written by my high school history teacher
: Raoul Meyer and myself.
: And our graphics team is Thought Bubble.
: Last week's Phrase of the Week was Justin Bieber.
: Thanks for that suggestion-- if you'd like to suggest
: future Phrases of the Week, you can do so in comments,
: where you can also ask questions about today's video
: that will be answered by our team of historians.
: Thanks for watching Crash Course,
: and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.