Unit 2 Guide
Unit 2 Guide
2Unit 2: History of the Universe and EarthWhy are we talking about outer space in a history class? Well, we all live on Earth, one planet in our Solar System that makes up a tiny part of our Universe. How can we know anything if we don’t start with the big picture? This unit explores Big History’s first four thresholds of increasing complexity: the Big Bang, Stars Light Up, New Chemical Elements, and Our Solar System and Earth. These thresholds help students understand the Universe and how they fit into its history.
Unit 2 Learning Objectives1.Explain the basics of the Big Bang theory and the evidence that supports it. 2.Describe how stars created new complexity in the Universe. 3.Explain how the death of stars increased complexity in the Universe. 4.Use evidence to explain the formation and evolution of the Earth over time. For individual lesson learning objectives, please review the lesson teaching guides.
Big Questions In this unit, students will consider this Driving Question: How does learning about the history of the Universe help us understand our past, present, and future?
Lessons Overview Lesson 2.1 Big Bang to Earth: How can thresholds of increasing complexity help us understand the formation of the Universe, our Solar System, and Earth?Lesson 2.2 Big Bang: How did the Universe begin?Lesson 2.3 Stars Form: Why is the formation of stars important?Lesson 2.4 Stars Die: Why is the death of stars important?Lesson 2.5 Solar System: How is the development of our Solar System an increase in complexity?Lesson 2.6 Earth: How did the formation and evolution of Earth increase complexity?Follow the links above to explore each lesson in this unit. Look for this symbol. to find the lesson guides, which provide teacher guidance, including sample answers.
6Teaching Tips
Openers and ClosersYou’ll find quick opener activities at the start of each lesson. They’ll help students preview the upcoming material and engage their prior knowledge. Although we’ve written them to align with the content of each lesson, feel free to swap in any openers/do-nows/bell-ringers that you already use! You’ll find closer activities at the end of all lessons—they’re meant to give students the opportunity to reflect and show their understanding. While we’ve written them to align with the content of each lesson, feel free to swap in exit tickets or other checks for understanding. For more information, check out Openers and Closers Quick Tips.
Unit NotebookUnit Notebooks are found throughout this course and offer a great opportunity for informal writing and assessing understanding. The aim of these activities is to keep students and teachers connected to the core themes of the unit. The first time students encounter the Unit Notebook (Unit 2 Notebook: Part 1), they’ll be asked to evaluate each of the statements based on what they currently know. The second time they encounter the Unit Notebook (Unit 2 Notebook: Part 2), they’ll be asked to more thoroughly respond to the questions and revise and refine their initial understanding of the unit’s core concepts. The emphasis here is for students to focus on concepts rather than formal writing. Additionally, the Unit Notebook helps both you and your students assess how their thinking is progressing, where they’re gaining mastery, and where they might need additional instruction.Click here for the Unit 2 Notebook: Part 1.Click here for the Unit 2 Notebook: Part 2.
Thresholds of Increasing ComplexityUnit 2 features the first four thresholds of increasing complexity. Students will learn about the ingredients and Goldilocks Conditions that came together to create new complexity, such as the Big Bang; the birth of stars; new chemical elements; and the Solar System and Earth. Each threshold is presented in a short video with an accompanying Threshold Card activity. We encourage you to have students complete each Threshold Card to help them remember how one threshold builds upon the next. By the end of the course, they’ll have a Threshold Card for each of Big History’s eight thresholds, which will help them in Unit 7, where they’ll determine what the next threshold might be.
Geographic and Historical Thinking SkillsThe integration of skills and content is foundational to OER Project courses. Skills development is just as important—if not more—than content knowledge for student thinking and learning in social studies classes. Throughout this course, students encounter numerous, scaffolded opportunities to practice causation and making and testing claims. Practice progressions are made up of two categories: progression activities and thinking tools. Each step in a progression is more sophisticated than the one before, challenging students along the way but also supporting them as they do this work. Learn more in our Historical Thinking Guide. In Unit 2, students will be introduced to causation, and will continue learning about claim testing, specifically intuition, authority, and evidence. Students will also work on their geography skills as they investigate a Map of the Observable Universe and explore Plate Tectonics.
ActivitiesActivities are an important part of OER Project lessons and serve to build student understanding and engagement. Activities provide an opportunity to get students moving and “doing” history through exercises like informal writing, group work, simulations, and debates.Progression activities appear in multiple units and are based on geographic and historical thinking skills like claim testing and causation. Each activity in a progression is meant to be more sophisticated than the one before, challenging students but also supporting them as they do this work.For all activities in OER Project—except for some openers and closers—teachers can find directions and sample answers in the accompanying lesson guides. Click here to learn more about activities.Click here to learn more about historical thinking skills.
VideosWe use videos as a visually engaging approach to course material. While students are often excited to learn that they’ll be watching a video in class, video-watching is a skill, just like reading an article. Here are a couple of quick strategies to get you started:•We suggest students first read the video description and Guiding Questions, or even skim the video transcript. We’ve provided you with timestamps and sample answers, which students will not see. •We recommend chunking the videos using the Key Ideas feature, which pauses the video at the specific times of the corresponding Guiding Questions and provides an opportunity for discussion or note-taking.•You can also play the video twice: once straight through and once with pauses at key ideas.For more information, see our Video Guide.
Graphic BiographiesOER Project’s graphic biographies are one-page histories of people. Whether they’re “important” or “everyday,” each of these individuals has their own story, their own history, and those stories weave in and out of the global themes of their era. Their experiences highlight—and sometimes bring into question—developments on a global scale that students are studying as part of the Big History narrative. These biographies are one of the best ways for students to practice their scale-switching skills by zooming in, which helps bring nuance to their understanding of history. Click here to learn more about our Graphic Biographies.
WritingIn Big History, we want students to become comfortable with writing, which is why we offer multiple opportunities for them to write informally. Having students write informally allows them to gain comfort with writing as they think about concepts and what they’ve learned, rather than explicitly focus on formal writing techniques. Throughout the course, we ask students to practice writing. Sometimes students will be writing claims while in other instances, they’ll be writing a few sentences in response to the lesson Driving Question. The point is to provide lots of writing opportunities so that over time they become more comfortable with it. Click here to learn more about our writing approach.Click here for informal writing routines.
AssessmentOER Project values a comprehensive approach to assessment. We embed assessments throughout the course. Every activity is developed to allow students and teachers to gain insight into their understanding. Our course gives teachers many opportunities to review student work—both formally and informally—and find opportunities for improvement and enrichment. However, all assessments are optional and to be used at the teacher’s discretion. We also stress the use of rubrics throughout the course. We provide a set of rubrics for teachers to use for giving consistent feedback to students on their participation in discussions, their presentations, and on their writing. We also provide a standardized set of “thinking tools” to help students understand the goals and targets of each activity.OER Project does not provide guidance on grading. Teachers know their students, instructional context, and routines best, and are without doubt in the best position to assess them fairly.Learn more in our Assessment Guide.